How the individual differences can influence the behaviors of the children with special
.jpg)
Individuality and self-concept;
The individual’s belief about himself or herself, including the persons attributes
and who and what the self is. The self-concept is an important term for both
social and humanistic psychology. Self-concept is how we perceive our behaviors,
abilities and unique characteristics. For example, belief such as I am a good
friend or I am a kind person are part of an overall self-concept. Our self-perception
is so important because is affected our motivations, attitudes, and behaviors.
It also impacts how we feel about the person we think we including whether we
are competent or if we have self- worth. Self- concept tends to be more
malleable when were younger and still going through the process of
self-discovery and identify formation. As we age and learn who we are and
what’s important to us, these self-perceptions become much more detailed and
organized. At its most basic, self-concept is a collection of beliefs one holds
about oneself and response of others. It embodies the answer to the question;
who I am?
Ideal self;
The
ideal self is the person you want to be. This person has the attributes or
qualities you are either working toward or want to possess. It’s who you
envision yourself to be if you were exactly as you wanted.
Self-image
refers to how you see yourself at this moment in time. Attributes like physical
characteristics personality trails and social role all impact your self-image;
Self-esteem;
How
much you like, accept and value yourself all contributes to your self-concept
in the form of self-esteem. Self-esteem can be impacted by a number of factors
including how others see you, how you think you compare to others and think
your role in society.
Individual difference and their influences;
Individual
differences are the ways in which people differ from each other. Every member
of an organization has its own way of behavior. It is important for managers to
understand individual differences because they influence the feeling, thoughts
and behavior of employees.
Personality differences;
Personality and its influenced;
Personality
refers to the relatively stable patterns in the thinking, feeling and behavior
of person. It is an important factor in explaining the behavior of people within
an organization and in the favorable attitude towards the job and the
organization.
Sources of personality;
Personality
is biologically determined (nature). There are no specific genes that determine
personality, but twin research shows that approximately 50% personality can be
explained by hereditary factors. The other half can be explained by life
experience (nature). Managers should therefore not set themselves the goal of
changing the personality of employees, but the personality can be used to
understand behavior.
Situational influences on personality;
A
large amount of research shows that personality is a good predictive and
explanatory factor for the thinking feeling and behavior of employees in the
workplace. Personality for example, influences work-related attitudes and
behavior such as career satisfactions and coping with work related stress. In
addition, to personality however the situation also affects attitudes and
behaviors. If the situational pressure is along personality has less influence
on work related behavior.
What types of capacities can be distinguished?
The
capacities of a person are the second category of individual differences and
decisive for the level of performance at work. Two types of capacities can be
distinguished cognitive capacities and physical capacities,
Cognitive capacities can be defined in various ways. The
broadest definition is cognitive capacity as general intelligence. Under
intelligence there are different areas of cognitive functioning. According to
the research cognitive ability is predictive of career success provided that
the type of cognitive ability is related to work. In order to understand the
relationship between cognitive capacity and success, the abilities required for
the specific work must, therefore be identified. In term of physical capacity
can best be measured by performing work related physical activity. Physical and
cognitive abilities can decrease as a result of factors such as fatigue, drug
or medicine use, occurs, testes, can be performed but limitations due to
fatigue or illness can then be missed.
How the multisensory processes influence the cognitive
theories in learning for expectational children?
Multisensory learning;
Multisensory
learning is learning that makes use of several at once. Think about the five
senses; sight, sound, touch, taste, and smell. Each of these senses access
information in a unique way, and the brain coordinates the input from all the
senses to learn about objects in the environment. With more senses engaged in a
lesson, the learner is more liked to remember the information.
Brain-based learning in general;
Research
on the brain and learning tells us that information that the receives visually
(sight) is sorted differently than the information received from the auditory
system (hearing) the olfactory system smell, or the tactile system (touch). So,
if more senses are involved in learning the information, more of the brain is
involved in strong the information. When the time comes to receive the
information from the memory, the brain can access it more easily.
Consider this, if a learner is participating in an
auditory activity their senses of sight, smell, taste, and touch are not turned
off. The learner may be trying to focus only on what they are hearing so that
they can pay attention to the lesson, but they to filter out the information
received by their other senses. Instead of asking our learners to ignore
several of senses, we can provide multiple senses input relevant to the lesson
at hand. This creates an opportunity for focused learning. Remember, the brain
also requires movement in order to process learning and maintain attention.
Incorporating movement into learning activities is a great way to activate the
sense. The more than movement is including in multisensory learning, the more
successful the learning will be.
Who can benefit from a
multisensory approach?
All
children benefit from exposure to multisensory lesson; including those who may
not have any difficulties with learning or paying attention. Whether general
education or special education, if a student has the opportunity to learn
something using more than one sense, the information is more likely to make a
memorable impact and be internalized. However, multisensory learning can be
particularly helpful for students with learning disabilities and cognitive limitations
who may have difficulty in one more area of education. For example, a
difficulty abled student may have trouble processing visual information. This
can make it challenging for them to learn and retain information through only
reading and visual stimuli. Using other sense, such as tactile or auditory,
these, children can make a stronger connection with what they are learning.
Instead, of each student experiencing a lesson
through a singular medium like a textbook a multisensory approach with involve
more students in taking active roles in learning. This kind of hands-based
learning enhances students’ ability to collect and member information,
understand and work through complexities, and use nonverbal problem-solving
skills. Ultimately, using a multisensory approach in a learning environment
helps to meet the varying needs of all children giving them each a chance to
succeed.
Explain
the different techniques, types and issued involved in educational evaluation.
Concept of evaluation;
In
every walk of life, the process of evaluation takes place in one or the other
form. If the evaluation process is eliminated from the human life, then perhaps
the aim of life may be lost. It is only through evaluation that one can
discriminate between good and bad. The whole cycle of social development
revolves around the evaluation process. In education how much a child has
succeeded in his aims, can only be determined through evaluation. Thus, there
is a close relationship between evaluation and aims.
Different techniques,
types and issued in involved in educational evaluation;
Evaluation
is the process of determining the growth of a program. A plan must be made to
accurate evaluate any type of program, whether it is a training course or
concerns the effectiveness of and customer satisfaction with a new product.
Many different types and methods of evaluation are available depending on the
information that needs to be assessed.
Formative evaluations;
Formative
evaluations are evaluations that occur during the process. These evaluations
are used to measured how well the process is proceeding overall and if changes
are necessary. For example, in an educational setting, a teacher may ask the
students to write a short paper reflecting on the topic just presented. The
teacher can look at these reflections to determine if the students are
understanding the material and make changes in their instruction to help
students as they progress in the classroom.
Summative evaluations;
The
summative evaluations occur at the end of the program as a whole and makes
suggestions to improve it. Businesses, for example, may ask that consumers
complete surveys and questionnaires after services have been rendered to gather
information. This information can be help businesses learn if additional
training of its employees needs to be completed or if the products and services
it offers meet the needs of its clients.
Process evaluations;
Process
of evaluations focuses on how a program was implemented and how it operates.
This goal of the process evaluation is to see if the program is meeting its
intended goals. The evaluation includes looking at how the program is delivers
and how it was carried out. Process evaluation can determine why a program was successful
and unsuccessful and provides information such as whether the program can be
replied.
Impact evaluation;
Impact
evaluations measure the programs and the overall effectiveness of realizing the
goals that occur over longer periods of time as opposed to those programs that
evaluate the immediate before and after of a program. Long term evaluations
give a broader, more complete view of the outcomes of the program. Impact
evaluations tend to be the more expensive due to the time frames involved, according
to the Minnesota department of health.
Outcome evaluations;Outcome evaluations measure the
short-term impact of implementing programs. The evaluation gives information on
how well the program is reaching its target audience. This can help gauge the initial
impact a program has and how the program is being received. The outcome
evaluation is able to assess the changing attitudes and knowledge of the target
audience.
What is counselling? Explain its different techniques to
deal with exceptional children and their parents.
Counselling;
Counselling
is the application of the mental health, psychological or human development
principles through cognitive, affective, behavioral or systematic interventions
strategies that address wellness, personal growth or career development as well
as pathology. Counselling is a professional relationship that empowers diverse
individual, families and groups to accomplish mental health wellness education
and career goals. In counselling mental health providers work collaboratively
with people all of backgrounds to foster emotion/mental growth and healing
people often come to therapy because they are struggling with complex emotions,
problem with relationships, or challenges gathering through the day because of
mental health related difficulties. Others are seeking ways to live happier
more productive and generally healthier lives. Depending on peoples’ unique
experiences, situations, and backgrounds therapy can take on a variety of
forms. Therapy can involve everything from learning skills to cope with a
current stressful situation, to processing past experiences and social
influences on one’s life. From the very start, and throughout the therapy
process, therapists work to provide a supportive environment that allows people
to talk and feel openly and freely in a confidential space. This involves
continuously working to recognize and consider the impact of socio culture
issues such as racism homophobia, sexism, xenophobia, transphobia, and more on
the mental health of both individuals and communities. Therapists and client
also work collaboratively to apply lesson, insights and skills learned
in-session to the client’s life outside of session.
Techniques of counselling;
The
effective counselling needs counselling skills, complete information about the
information relating to his motives; experience, weaknesses, strength,
attitudes and behavior should be collected before counselling. After gathering
complete information through various sources, the counselling services be provided
to the person. The techniques of counselling cannot be uniformly adopted. The
vary from person to person and also depend on circumstances. Counselling is not
a modern phenomenon it is a practiced since the evaluation of mankind. Only the
need of it is very severely felt in modern times counselling is a two-way
process. Counsellor can help the counselee if he cooperates with counsellor and
open his heart to him, otherwise counselling becomes a difficult task. However,
there are certain techniques of counselling that can be followed and adopted as
per the need of the situation and counselee.
The following are some techniques;
Releasing emotional tension;
Some people are
more emotional. They become so at everything. They take things emotionally and
they come into the grip of emotions are very often. The emotions are associated
with fear, respect, insult, anxiety, guilt hostility etc. if the counselee is
under emotional tension, it is to be released. The counselee is to be taken
into confidence and listen to him carefully as a counsellor is the only
caretaker of him. Try to know the real causes of his emotional breakdown. When
he will narrate the causes, gradually he will overcome the pain and embarrassment
related with his guilt. He is caught in emotional whirl may be because of
guilty feeling resulting out of non-fulfillment of promises or he has been
insulted someone. Discharging the counselee of emotional tensions is a very
difficult job and needs patience from counsellor. Releasing emotional tension
is a process of getting out of your mind and heart. Releasing of emotional
tension helps to gain power of going through or looking into and understanding
the things in their perspective and the reasons that has affected his behavior.
He will then make an analysis of the situation and overcome the emotions and
whisk away the tension. Coming under the influence of emotions is a human
weakness present in almost all the human beings.
Effective communication;
Effective two-way communication help
subordinates to narrate their difficulties to their superiors through which
many problems get automatically solved. Supervisor can perform the job of
counselling. Effective two-way communication remove fear form the minds of the
subordinates and they talk freely and open up their mind to the superior who
can render necessary advice then and there and can help him getting the tension
of any kind released. Through effective communication the superior can
understand the subordinate’s point of view and develop counselee. Superior as
counsellor understand what the employee means to say through communication with
him. Communication thus is a tool and a method of counselling. The counsellor
supervisor should take a not that he should abstain from stressing his own
point of view on the counselee employee.
Clarified thinking;
One
should think positively and shun negative thinking. It is negative thinking
needs to be removed from the mind of counselee. Negative thinking helps
developing misunderstanding, district and lies. Counsellor should develop the
new pattern of thinking. Counselee should be motivated and encouraged to think
positively. Positive thinking helps building up cordial relationship with the
colleagues and superiors. Manager should develop cordial relationship with his
subordinates not only for counselling but also for his success in the
organization.
As the name
suggests it relates with the performance. If performance constant and it is
below standard then counselling required to maintain the standard level of
performance. Performance gets affected by many reasons. Those reasons must be
spotted by the counsellor and try to remove them from the counselee. If he is
taking leaves and remaining absent citing petty reasons from the work he should
be taken into confidence and remove the reasons from remaining absent.
Counselling against alcoholism and drugs;
Alcoholism
and drugs especially alcoholism in India is the major problem. It severely
affects the productivity and cost that affects the organization quite heavily.
Alcohol and drug users remain absent frequently and compared to the other
employees. They feel tardiness at the workplace and make their departure early.
They cannot judge properly and cannot make decisions and very prone to
accidents serious efforts on the part of the organization and the counsellors
are needed to bring back alcoholics and drug addicts on the track. They should
be treated properly. Counsellor should develop friendship with them and take
them into confidence and convince them of the benefits of not drinking and make
aware against the health hazards of alcohol and drugs.
Discuss Kohlberg ad Piaget position on moral development
from Heteronomy to Autonomy. Support your answer with references.
Moral development; Moral development is the development of
an understanding of right and wrong in children in order to late apply this
knowledge in studies with moral choices. It also covers the development of a
strong and independent character, which when faced such as a situation, will
make the right moral choices, even in the face of the discomfort of opposition.
Moral development has always played an essential role in the society and has
been studied topic throughout human history first by pedagogues and
philosophers, and nowadays by sociologists and psychologists. However, it not
become the focus of scientific study until the late 1950.
Piaget and Kohlberg views on moral development;
Both Jean Piaget and Lawrence Kohlberg have made vital contributions to the study of human psychology, especially pertaining to the development of children. One aspect of the child psychology elaborated by both theorists is their moral development while, Piaget is the modern pioneer in the subject, his predecessor Kohlberg extended and modified the formers theories to accommodate new evidences.
From mid-twentieth century onwards the subject of moral development, particularly in children has been scrutinized by numerous researchers, the key advances in the subject can be attributed to Jean Piaget and Lawrence Kohlberg, both of whom were involved in the study of human normal development (Slaven, 2014).
· While Kohlberg based his theories on those of Piaget by expanding and modifying them to fit his perspectives, both of their views have enough differences between them and applicability to be still relevant is psychology and highly regarded by modern researchers. It is important to understand them on their similarities to evaluate them and their implications.
· In his studies of how children developed their morals, Jean Piaget rejected the prevailing idea that they absorb those rules, morals and ideals imposed upon them by their parents and teachers. Instead, he included that early in development rules provided by authority figures are accepted as absolute laws, but are not internalized by the child. He called this the morality of constraint or heteronomy
· While Piaget is widely known for the idea of stages in development that he introduced, he did not actuality, elaborate on them very much, and his insight is same what limited as second one. However, their ideas were developed and expanded further by Kohlberg, creating his landmark theory of stages of children’s moral development.
· He saw this in a show, gradual process and divided it into three levels and six stages, which an individual went through one at a time. The first level is the pre-congenital level, which consists of the punishment-obedience stage, where the children are at their most basic and obey rules provided by authority figures out of fear of punishment, and the individual instrumentation and exchange stage where child follows the rules if it sees profit in doing so.
· Both theories have had a significant impact on the development of child psychology, but Kohlberg’s is more refined and developed, is more applicable in education. His stages explain the tools a pedagogue or a Kindergarten, school and later in life. While Kohlberg’s stages are mirror the Piaget’s two morality types, Kohlberg extrapolates upon the changes in the child’s perceptions of right and wrong and what is influencing them.
.jpg&description=Individuality and self- concept){kind=link}